· We have audited the accompanying statements of net assets available for benefits of the Pioneer Natural Resources USA, Inc. (k) and Matching Plan (the “Plan”) as of December 31, and , and the related statement of changes in net assets available for benefits for the year ended December 31, , and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements) Natural sources of gamma rays on Earth include gamma decay from naturally occurring radioisotopes such as potassium, and also as a secondary radiation from various atmospheric interactions with cosmic ray particles. Some rare terrestrial natural sources that produce gamma rays that are not of a nuclear origin, are lightning strikes and terrestrial gamma-ray flashes, which produce high · Since Oppenheimer SteelPath MLP Income A made its debut in April of , MLPDX has garnered more than $ billion in assets. Stuart Cartner
blogger.com: disposable charcoal grill
Oppenheimer was the wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory and is among those who are credited with being the "father of the atomic bomb" for their role in the Manhattan Projectthe World War II undertaking that developed the first nuclear weapons. The first atomic bomb was successfully detonated on July 16,in the Trinity test in New Mexico, oppenheimer single k.
Oppenheimer later remarked that it brought to mind words from the Bhagavad Gita : "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds. After the war ended, Oppenheimer became chairman of the influential General Advisory Committee of the newly created United States Atomic Energy Commission. He used that position to lobby for international control of nuclear power to avert nuclear proliferation and a nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union.
He opposed the development of the hydrogen bomb during a — governmental debate on the question and subsequently took stances on defense-related issues that provoked oppenheimer single k ire of some factions in the U.
government and military. During the Second Red Scarethose stances, together with past associations Oppenheimer had with people and organizations affiliated with the Communist Partyled to him suffering the revocation of his security clearance in a much-written-about hearing in Effectively stripped of his direct political influence, he continued to lecture, oppenheimer single k, write and work oppenheimer single k physics.
Nine years later, President John F, oppenheimer single k. Kennedy awarded and Lyndon B, oppenheimer single k. Johnson presented him with the Enrico Fermi Award as a gesture of political rehabilitation. Oppenheimer's achievements in physics included the Born—Oppenheimer approximation for molecular wave functionswork on the theory of electrons and positronsthe Oppenheimer—Phillips process in nuclear fusionand the first prediction of quantum tunneling.
With his students he also made important contributions to the modern theory of neutron stars and black holesas well as to quantum mechanicsquantum field theoryand the interactions of cosmic rays, oppenheimer single k. As a teacher and promoter of science, he is remembered as a founding father of the American school of theoretical physics that gained world prominence in the s.
After World Oppenheimer single k II, he became director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22,[note 1] oppenheimer single k to Julius Oppenheimer, a wealthy Jewish textile importer who had immigrated to the United States from Germany inand Ella Friedman, a painter.
Julius came to the United States with no money, no baccalaureate studies, and no knowledge of the English language. He got a job in a textile company and within a decade was an executive with the company. Ella was from Baltimore. Oppenheimer was initially educated at Alcuin Oppenheimer single k School; inhe entered the Ethical Culture Society School.
His father had been a member of oppenheimer single k Society for many years, serving on its board of trustees from to To help him recover from the illness, his father enlisted the help of his English teacher Herbert Smith who took him to New Mexico, where Oppenheimer fell in love with horseback riding and the southwestern United States. Oppenheimer majored in chemistry, but Harvard required science students to also study history, literature, and philosophy or mathematics.
He compensated for his late start by taking six courses each term and was admitted to the undergraduate honor society Phi Beta Kappa. In his first year, he was admitted to graduate standing in physics on the basis of independent study, which meant he was not required to take the basic classes and could enroll instead in advanced ones.
He was attracted to experimental physics by a course on thermodynamics that was taught by Percy Bridgman. He graduated summa cum laude in three years. Inoppenheimer single k, Oppenheimer was informed that he had been accepted into Christ's College, Cambridge.
He wrote to Ernest Rutherford requesting permission to work at the Cavendish Laboratory. Bridgman provided Oppenheimer with a recommendation, which conceded that Oppenheimer's clumsiness in the laboratory made it apparent his forte was not experimental but rather theoretical physics. Rutherford was unimpressed, but Oppenheimer went to Cambridge in the hope of landing another offer. Thomson on condition that he complete a basic laboratory course. While on vacation, as recalled by his friend Francis FergussonOppenheimer once confessed that he had left an apple doused with noxious chemicals on Blackett's desk.
While Fergusson's account is the only detailed version of this event, Oppenheimer's parents were alerted by oppenheimer single k university authorities who considered placing him on probation, a fate prevented by his parents successfully lobbying the authorities. Oppenheimer was a tall, thin chain smoker[21] who often neglected to eat during periods of intense thought and concentration. Many of his friends described him as having self-destructive tendencies.
A disturbing event occurred when he took a vacation from his studies in Cambridge to meet up with Fergusson in Paris. Fergusson noticed that Oppenheimer was not well, oppenheimer single k. To help distract him from his depression, Fergusson told Oppenheimer that he Fergusson was to marry his girlfriend Frances Keeley. Oppenheimer did not take the news well. He jumped on Fergusson and tried to strangle him. Although Fergusson easily fended off the attack, the episode convinced him of Oppenheimer's deep psychological troubles.
Throughout his life, Oppenheimer oppenheimer single k plagued by periods of depression, [22] oppenheimer single k and he once told his brother, "I need physics more than friends". InOppenheimer left Cambridge for the University of Göttingen to study under Max Born. Göttingen was one of the world's leading centers for theoretical physics. Oppenheimer made friends who went on to great success, including Werner HeisenbergPascual JordanWolfgang PauliPaul DiracEnrico Fermi and Edward Teller.
He was known for being too enthusiastic in discussion, sometimes to the point of taking over seminar sessions. Born left it out on his desk where Oppenheimer could read it, oppenheimer single k, and it was effective without a word being said. He obtained his Doctor of Philosophy degree in March at age 23, supervised by Born. He was on the point of questioning me. He and Born published a famous paper on the Born—Oppenheimer approximationwhich separates nuclear motion from electronic motion in the mathematical treatment of molecules, allowing nuclear motion to be neglected to simplify calculations.
It remains his most cited work, oppenheimer single k. Oppenheimer was awarded a United States National Research Council fellowship to the California Institute of Technology Caltech in September Bridgman also wanted him at Harvard, so a compromise was reached whereby he split his fellowship for the —28 academic year between Harvard in and Caltech in Both the collaboration and their friendship ended when Pauling began to suspect Oppenheimer of becoming too close to his wife, Ava Helen Pauling.
Once, when Pauling was at work, Oppenheimer had arrived at their home and invited Ava Helen to join oppenheimer single k on a tryst in Mexico. Though she refused and reported the incident to her husband, [30] the invitation, and her apparent nonchalance about it, disquieted Pauling and he oppenheimer single k his relationship with Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer later invited him to become head of the Chemistry Division of the Manhattan Projectbut Pauling refused, saying he was a pacifist.
In the autumn ofOppenheimer visited Paul Ehrenfest 's institute at the University of Leidenthe Netherlands, where he impressed by giving lectures in Dutch, despite having little experience with the language.
There he was given the nickname of Opje[32] later anglicized by his students as "Oppie". Oppenheimer respected and liked Pauli and may have emulated his personal style as well as his oppenheimer single k approach to problems. On returning to the United States, Oppenheimer accepted an associate professorship from the University of California, Berkeleywhere Raymond T.
Birge wanted him so badly that he expressed a willingness to share him with Caltech. Before he began his Berkeley professorship, Oppenheimer was diagnosed with a mild case of tuberculosis and spent some weeks with his brother Frank at a New Mexico ranch, which he leased and eventually purchased. When he heard the ranch was available for lease, he exclaimed, "Hot dog! His students and colleagues saw him as mesmerizing: hypnotic in private interaction, but often frigid in more public settings.
His associates fell into two camps: one that saw him as an aloof and impressive genius oppenheimer single k aesthete, the other that saw him as a pretentious and insecure poseur. Probably the most important ingredient he brought to his teaching was his exquisite taste. He always knew what were the important problems, oppenheimer single k, as shown by his choice of oppenheimer single k. He truly lived with those problems, struggling for a solution, and he communicated his concern to the group.
In its heyday, there were about eight or ten graduate students in his group and about six Post-doctoral Fellows. He met this group once a day in his office and discussed with one after another the status of the student's research problem. He was interested in everything, and in one afternoon they might discuss quantum electrodynamics, cosmic rays, electron pair production and nuclear physics, oppenheimer single k. He worked closely with Nobel Prize -winning experimental physicist Ernest O.
Lawrence and his cyclotron pioneers, helping them understand the data their machines were producing at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. In return he was asked to curtail his teaching at Caltech, so a compromise was reached whereby Berkeley released him for six weeks each year, enough to teach one term at Caltech.
Oppenheimer did important research in theoretical astronomy especially as related to general relativity and nuclear theorynuclear physicsspectroscopyand quantum field theoryincluding its extension into quantum electrodynamics. The formal mathematics of relativistic quantum mechanics also attracted his attention, although he doubted its validity.
His work predicted many later finds, which include the neutronmeson and neutron star. Initially, his major interest was the theory of the continuous spectrum and his first published paper, inconcerned the quantum theory of molecular band spectra. He developed a method to carry out calculations of its transition probabilities. He calculated the photoelectric effect for hydrogen and X-raysobtaining the absorption coefficient at the K-edge. His calculations accorded with observations of the X-ray absorption of the sun, oppenheimer single k, but not helium.
Years later it was realized that the sun was largely composed of hydrogen and that his calculations were indeed correct. Oppenheimer also made important contributions to the theory of cosmic ray showers and started work that eventually led to descriptions of quantum tunneling. Inhe co-wrote a paper on the "Relativistic Theory of the Photoelectric Effect" with his student Harvey Hall, [45] in which, based on empirical evidence, he correctly disputed Dirac's assertion that two of the energy levels of the hydrogen atom have the same energy.
Subsequently, one of his doctoral students, Willis Lambdetermined that this was a consequence of what oppenheimer single k known as the Lamb shiftfor which Lamb oppenheimer single k awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in With his first doctoral student, Melba PhillipsOppenheimer worked on calculations oppenheimer single k artificial radioactivity under bombardment by deuterons, oppenheimer single k.
When Ernest Lawrence and Edwin McMillan bombarded nuclei with deuterons they found the results agreed closely with the predictions of George Gamowbut when higher energies and heavier nuclei were involved, oppenheimer single k, the results did not conform to the theory. InOppenheimer and Phillips worked out a theory—now known as the Oppenheimer—Phillips process —to explain the results; this theory is still in use today.
As early asOppenheimer wrote a paper that essentially predicted the existence of the positron. This was after a paper by Paul Dirac proposed that electrons could have both a positive charge and negative energy.
Dirac's paper introduced an equation, known as the Dirac equationwhich unified quantum mechanics, special relativity and the then-new concept of electron spinto explain the Zeeman effect.
He argued that they would have to have the same mass as an electron, whereas experiments showed that protons were much heavier than electrons, oppenheimer single k. Two years later, Carl David Anderson discovered the positron, for which he received the Nobel Prize in Physics. In the late s, Oppenheimer became interested in astrophysicsmost likely through his friendship with Richard Tolmanresulting in a series of papers.
In the first of oppenheimer single k, a paper co-written with Robert Serber entitled "On the Stability of Stellar Neutron Cores", [49] Oppenheimer explored the properties of white dwarfs. This was followed by a paper co-written with one of his students, George Volkoff"On Massive Neutron Cores", [50] in which they demonstrated that there was a limit, the so-called Tolman—Oppenheimer—Volkoff limitto the mass of oppenheimer single k beyond which they oppenheimer single k not remain stable as neutron stars and would undergo gravitational collapse.
Is Oppenheimer SteelPath MLP Income A (MLPDX) a Strong Mutual Fund Pick Right Now?
Oppenheimer USA Disposable Charcoal Grill On-The-Go Ready to Use Easy to Light Kosher (2) out of 5 stars $ $ Get it as soon as Tue, Jul CasusGrill Single Use Biodegradable Mini Grill: Portable & Disposable Grill, Great for Outdoor Charcoal BBQ & Camping, All Natural Materials Mueller and Oppenheimer found that participants who took notes on laptops performed worse on conceptual questions than those who took traditional paper notes. “Laptop notetakers’ tendency to transcribe lectures verbatim rather than processing information and reframing it in their own words is detrimental to learning,” they wrote J. Robert Oppenheimer (/ ˈ ɒ p ə n ˌ h aɪ m ər /; April 22, – February 18, ) was an American theoretical physicist and professor of physics at the University of California, blogger.comeimer was the wartime head of the Los Alamos Laboratory and is among those who are credited with being the "father of the atomic bomb" for their role in the Manhattan Project, the World War
Keine Kommentare:
Kommentar veröffentlichen